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Android is a mobile operating system (OS) on the basis of the Linux kernel and now produced by Google. Using a user interface according to direct manipulation, Android was created mainly for touchscreen cellular devices like tablet computers and smartphones, with specialized user interfaces for tvs (Android TV), automobiles (Android Vehicle), and wrist watches (Android Wear). The OS uses a virtual keyboard, as well as touch input signals that correspond to real world activities, like swiping, exploiting, pinching, and reverse pinching to manipulate onscreen items. Despite being mainly intended for touchscreen input signal, in addition, it continues to be utilized in game consoles, digital cameras, routine PCs (e.g. the HP Slate 21) and other electronic equipment.
Android is the most commonly employed mobile OS and, by 2013, the best selling OS general. Android apparatus sell a lot more than Windows, iOS, and Mac OS X apparatus joined,[13][14][15][16][17] with sales in the year 2012, 2013 and 2014[18] close to the installed base of PCs.[19] by July 2013 the Google Play shop has had over 1 million Android programs released, and over 50 billion programs downloaded.[20] A programmer survey conducted in April-May 2013 found that 71% of cellular programmers develop for Android.[21] At Google I/O 2014, the firm revealed that there were over 1 billion active monthly Android users, upward from 538 million in June 2013.[22]
Android’s source code is released by Google under open source licenses, although most Android apparatus finally send using a variety of open source and proprietary software.[3] Initially produced by Android, Inc., which Google backed fiscally and afterwards purchased in 2005,[23] Android was unveiled in 2007 along with the foundation of the Open Handset Alliance– a consortium of hardware, applications, and telecommunication firms committed to improving open standards for cellular apparatus.[24]
Android is popular with technology businesses which need a ready made, low cost and customizable operating system for high tech apparatus.[25] Android’s open nature has motivated a big community of programmers and enthusiasts to make use of the open source code as a basis for community-driven projects, which add new attributes for advanced users[26] or bring Android to apparatus that were formally released running other operating systems. The operating system’s success has really made it a goal for patent litigation within the so called “smartphone wars” between technology firms.
The primary hardware platform for Android is the ARM structure (ARMv7 or afterwards, Android 5.0 additionally supports ARMv8A), with x86 and MIPS designs additionally formally supported. Both 64-bit and 32-bit versions of all three structures are supported because the launch of Android 5.0.[81] Since 2012, Android apparatus with Intel chips started to appear, including cellphones[82] and tablet computers.
As of November 2013, Android 4.4 advocates at least 512 MB of RAM,[83] while for “low RAM” apparatus 340 MB is the required minimum sum that doesn’t contain memory dedicated to various hardware parts like the baseband chip.[84] Android 4.4 needs a 32-bit ARMv7, MIPS or x86 design central processing unit (latter two through unofficial ports),[8][85] jointly with an OpenGL ES 2.0 compatible graphics processing unit (GPU).[86] Android supports OpenGL ES 1.1, 2.0, 3.0 and 3.1. Some programs may expressly need a specific edition and appropriate GPU hardware must run such programs.[86]
Android devices include many discretionary hardware parts, including still or video cameras, GPS, orientation detectors, committed gaming controls, accelerometers, gyroscopes, barometers, magnetometers, proximity sensors, pressure sensors, thermometers, and touchscreens. Some hardware parts will not be needed, but became normal in certain types of apparatus, including smartphones, when they can be present and additional requirements apply. Those conditions have now been relaxed or removed entirely, although another hardware was needed. As an example, as Android was designed initially as a cellphone OS, hardware like mics were needed, while over time the cellphone function became optional.[71] Android used to need an autofocus camera, which was slacked into a fixed-focus camera[71] if it’s even present whatsoever, because the camera was dropped as a condition completely when Android began to be utilized on set-top boxes.
Along with running on smartphones and tablet computers, several sellers run Android natively on regular PC hardware having a computer keyboard and mouse.[87][88][89] In addition for their availability on commercially available hardware, similar PC hardware-friendly variants of Android are freely accessible in the Android x86 job, including customized Android 4.4.[90] Using the Android emulator that’s part of the Android SDK, or by using BlueStacks or Andy, Android can also run non-natively on x86.[91][92] Chinese firms are assembling a PC and cellular operating system, based on Android, to “compete directly with Microsoft Windows and Google Android”.[93] The Chinese Academy of Engineering noted that “more than a dozen” firms were customising Android following a Chinese prohibition on the use of Windows 8 on authorities PCs.